They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y the theory x management style is based on a pessimistic view of. How far is it applicable to management and employee motivation in contemporary chinese organizations. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y shubhabrata bose iiswbm mbaday sec. The human side of enterprise, mcgregor, 1957 and were expanded upon. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. The latter theory holds that man is positive with potentiality to development. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. However, the literature has a limited number of studies. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. This theory is rather simple in relationship to the other four motivation theories you need to know for the exam like maslows hierarchy of needs. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and.
Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and theory y mcgregors theory x and theory y. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. This new theory gives a new look to the relationships flanked by human being and management. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. Sep 26, 2016 a powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregor s theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. Personal development, management training and even general. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour.
Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving. Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect.
Theory x, theory y, management style, psychological contract, psychological. This entry first describes ising strategies for improved transfer in todays mcgregors theory x and theory y. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Aug 11, 2014 douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Mcgregors theory is a motivation theory, meaning it provides explanation on what people want in order to do their job. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account.
Mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Nowadays mcgregors theory is seen as outdated, representing two extremes.
Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. These relate to selffulfillment, ego satisfaction and the i social needs of individual workers. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Mcgregors theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. Y theories are based on diametrically opposed assumptions of human nature. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are.
Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. It is mcgregors conclusion, of course, that the latter approach to organization is the more desirable one for managers to follow. Introduction theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory x is perhaps visible in low paid or menial work but employees in those situations will move on in search of positions with theory y conditions if they are motivated. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mcgregors x y theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Theory x is useful where predictability, a lack of mistakes, monitoring and control are required, for example, in insurance companies. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Jul 08, 2017 it is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y, sample. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his article. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by.
Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Aug 21, 2015 this article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. According to this theory the management is responsible for coordinating the activities in an organisation and for accomplishing its purposes. Theory y thrives on adaptability and change, for example, in the advertising industry. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business.
People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that workers care about the organization, will seek responsibility, and exercise self. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management.
Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. In the modern corporation environment, employees motivation plays a pivotal role, thus they should be recognised as a significant part of corporations financial assets. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Mcgregor s x y theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Mcgregor maintained that there two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor theory x mcgregor died in 1964, aged 58, but not before making a substantial contribution to the field of management. Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of.
According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y team management training from. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives.
Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y the work of douglas mcgregor, the renowned social psychologist at mits sloan school of management who studied the theoretical foundations of human motivation in the 1960s, was premised on a binary conception of managerial perception known as theory x and theory y. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of.
After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Mcgregors theory x and y in the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Otokiti 2000 mcgregors theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational. Douglas mcgregor 19061964 developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. I knew instinctively that mcgregors assessment of the traditional view management, which he names theory x, was true because i had worked in x environments for years, trying to run y divisions. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value.
Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. X y theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Theory x is a conventional approach to motivation, based on negative assumptions. Nowadays mcgregor s theory is seen as outdated, representing two extremes. Ten important differences between theory x and theory y are discussed in this article. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Critically evaluate mcgregors theory x and theory y.
Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. To meet these human needs in business, mcgregor suggested a counter approach to management which he. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve. Organizational communication channel 114,558 views. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions.
Social psychologist mcgregors theory x and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. A powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregors theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. These are two opposing perceptions about how people view human behaviour at work and organisational life. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y.
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